Permethrin bed net treament

Jawara M et al Comparison of deltamethrin tablet formulation with liquid deltamethrin and permethrin for bednet treatment in The Gambia.
Trop Med Int Health. 2001 Apr;6(4):309-16.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11348522

Permethrin bed net treament protocol
Schreck, CE and Self, LS, Bed Nets that Kill Mosquitos, World Health Forum, 1985:6 p342-4.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/whf/1985/vol6-no4/WHF_1985_6(4)_p342-344.pdf
(The protocol is very simple--read the article to find out how.)

HORN, K et al, TECHNOLOGY FOR CONVERSION OF CONVENTIONAL MOSQUITO NETS IN THE FIELD INTO LONG LASTING BED NETS, , Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests Chow-Yang Lee and William H. Robinson (editors), 2005, p287-94. Article fails to state which binders were tested, making it rather incomplete.
http://www.bayervector.co.za/docs/K-OTab1-2-3-ICUP.pdf

Mosquito Net Guide
http://www.safariquip.co.uk/i_mosquito_net_info.html

My mosquito net (picked up used in Bangkok)
Bugproof Combo Mosquito Net Treated Single (Quick Find: MNC011)
Dimensions: 220H x 95W x 215L cm
Weight: 295g
http://www.nomadtravel.co.uk/catalog/browse/mosquito-nets/bugproof-combo...

How big is my net? Product page for Bugproof Mosquito Net Treatment Kit states "an average size net with an area of 10sq metres (most single nets)" http://www.nomadtravel.co.uk/catalog/view/bugproof-mosquito-net-treatmen.... Calculating the size actually results in 15.7 sqm, rounded to 16 sqm. That's 8 g of permethrin for a treatment. A 1% solution would need 800 mL. You can get a 1% solution in lice shampoo in Australia for AUD$13. Sawyer sells a 0.5% solution. Bugproof Clothing Treatment Nomad 100ml contains Permethrin 0.5% while Netting Impregnation Kit Swisstulle 40ml contains 12% w/w permethrin (http://www.travelpharm.com/index.cfm/malaria/Products.List/category_id/1...). Pyramid Permethrin Treatment Kit contains 60ml Mystox CMP permethrin 12% (http://www.safariquip.co.uk/acatalog/Mosquito_Nets.html#aLIFEXTK00).

Repellents

DEET

Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, Re-evaluation Decision Document RRD2002-01: Personal insect repellents containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide and related compounds)
http://www.pmra-arla.gc.ca/english/pdf/rrd/rrd2002-01-e.pdf
Duration of complete protection is analyzed from existing literature. Duration of protection increases with increasing DEET protection, with diminishing results as concentration increases beyond about 30%. Concentrations of 10-30% all yield reasonable CPTs. It is recommended to reapply lower-concentration DEET every few hours, rather than use high-concentration DEET. Repeated use of a lower concentration results in longer protection with less exposure to DEET than application of a high-concentration solution. Duration of protection is highly variable in individual tests, even under laboratory conditions.

Picaridin vs. DEET

Conclusion: KBR3023 (Icaridin , Picaridin) and DEET both are effective. In some cases KBR3023 last longer (Costantini C et al 2004), in others DEET lasts longer (Frances SP et al 2005). May depend on concentrations of repellent, tested species, experimental methods. See below for some references.

Fradin MS, Insect Repellents, Emedicine 20060207.
http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic540.htm
"IR3535 (3-[N-butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid) is a chemical repellent that has been available in Europe for 20 years and has been sold in the United States since 1999. This repellent is currently available exclusively through the Avon Corporation as Skin-So-Soft Bug Guard Plus IR3535, at concentrations of 7.5-15%."

Icaridin (sold as Picaridin, IUPAC 1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-­methylpropylester) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icaridin

Frances SP et al 2005, Field evaluation of commercial repellent formulations against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Territory, Australia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2005 Dec;21(4):480-2.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506580
Found DEET effective for longest period.

Costantini C et al 2004 Field evaluation of the efficacy and persistence of insect repellents DEET, IR3535, and KBR 3023 against Anopheles gambiae complex and other Afrotropical vector mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004 Nov;98(11):644-52.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15363644
"estimates of half-life were 2.9, 2.9, and 4.1h" for DEET, IR3535, and KBR 3023, respectively. Repellents IR3535, and KBR 3023 are picaridin or trade-name Bayrepel.

Badolo A 2004 Evaluation of the sensitivity of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes to two insect repellents: DEET and KBR 3023. Trop Med Int Health. 2004 Mar;9(3):330-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14996361
"The relative potency of KBR 3023 was not significantly different from that of DEET for An. gambiae s.l. (95% confidence limits 0.7-1.0), whereas in the case of Ae. aegypti it was with 95% probability 1.1-2.0 times more potent than DEET."

Barnard DR and Xue RD, Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochierotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2004 Jul;41(4):726-30..
"When estimated mean protection time (eMPT) responses for each repellent were averaged for all three mosquito species, Autan, Bite Blocker, Off!, and Repel prevented biting for > or =7.2 h; IR3535, MosquitoSafe, and Skinsations for 3.2-4.8 h; and ByGone, Natrapel, GonE, NeemAura, and SunSwat for 0.9-2.3 h."

n-Octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide

n-Octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (NOBD) is a compound intended to enhance the effect of pesticides and of DEET. It is used in Aerogard "Tropical Strength" insect repellent spray, which claims "6 hours protection". This product contains 17.1% DEET and 3.58% NOBD. I purchased a 135 mL pump spray for about AUD$8 in the Discount Pharmacy on the mall in Darwin, NT, AU. I asked a very helpful clerk what NOBD does. She asked a pharmacist, who looked up online and found it was a synergist. While they were online, I called the 1-800 number listed on the bottle for the manufacturer, but the customer service person could not answer my question as to the purpose of this ingredient. I purchased the Aerogard as it was the only pump-spray with a reasonable DEET concentration. According to Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Health Canada, NOBD may actually decrease the protection duration when used with DEET alone, and the added complexity of evaluating risk of exposure and the paucity of data on NOBD led the agency to recommend that it not be used in repellents with DEET. I will be looking for 30% DEET instead.

Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, Re-evaluation Decision Document RRD2001-02: n-Octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide
(MGK Synergist 264),
http://www.pmra-arla.gc.ca/english/pdf/rrd/rrd2001-02-e.pdf
"CPT values for 20% DEET + 4% MGK 264 against mosquitoes were shorter than those calculated for 24% and 20% DEET alone. ... Since the only reason to add MGK Synergist 264 would be to increase efficacy, there is no justification for continued registration of products containing MGK 264 based on the efficacy evaluation."